In this paper, the application mode of differentiated supervision in construction project quality management is deeply studied. By constructing a comprehensive evaluation system including project management, design and construction risks, accurate classification and differentiated supervision are carried out for engineering projects. Taking an office building and a road project as an example, the implementation process and effect of differentiated supervision and evaluation system are demonstrated in detail. The research shows that this mode effectively improves the efficiency and pertinence of engineering quality supervision, and helps to find and correct potential problems in time. The evaluation results of 24 construction projects in Guangzhou show that most of the projects meet the qualified standards, but the proportion of Class A projects is relatively low, suggesting that supervision and optimization measures should be further strengthened to improve the overall project quality level.